“THE ANCIENT PEARLS”
Compiled by:
Pattenchery Yezhuvath Achutha Menon
Contents
About Sanatana Dharma, Vedic Chronology, The Era of Two Incarnations, The Huge Number of Gods, The Hindu Worship and Temples, Denominations in Hinduism, The Five Debts, Purusharthas, The Four Ashramas, Different paths to liberation, Varnashrama Dharma, Ayurveda, Yoga, Tantra, Astronomy, Astrology, Vaastu Shastra, The 64 Arts and Others, Textiles, Mathematics, The Concept of Atom, Law of Gravity, Energy Generation in Vedas, Plastic/Other Surgeries, Vedic Technology, Maritime History, Production Technology: Iron & Steel, Metallurgy, Vedas, Aranyakas, Upanishads, The Epics, The Bhagavad Gita, Shad Darshanas, The Six Shastras, Puranas, Ancient Indian Writers, Major Ancient Indian Universities, Three Messengers of Vedanta, Mahavatar Babaji and Kriya Yoga, The Torchbearers, Historical Review and, A briefing on ‘Gayatri Mantra’ and ‘OM’.
(41 Pages)
(Automatic translation into various languages need not be accurate.)
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Ancient Indian Civilization (“Sanatana Dharma”) is the oldest and time-tested one. This deals with the theme of Brahman, the eternal and universal principle. Called Hinduism, this is not a founded Religion. The ancient seers/sages of Vedic Hinduism prayed for the welfare of the entire world: “Lokah Samastah Sukhino Bhavanthu”. They held the view that the whole world is one family (“Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam”) and “Sarvam Brahmamayam Jagath” (The Cosmos is saturated with Brahman). There was gender equality as the sages included women.
They negated the reality of visible things and all experiences as “Neti neti” (“Not this, not this”), and identified the Soul as Truth.
They studied about natural laws, the origin and rhythm of the universe, on the connection of body-mind-intelligence-soul (different aspects of life here and hereafter), and also contributed to various branches of science and arts. They accepted different views like, atheism, rationalism, etc. Modern science has started carefully analysing the ancient Texts.
Some countries have kept idols of Lord Nataraja, symbolsing the life force, in places of worship. A huge statue of this cosmic dancer is placed at the European Nuclear Research Centre (CERN in Switzerland) which confirmed the existence of the “God Particle” during an experiment tracing the origin of the universe. The ancient Rishis of India were aware of this fact. They equated one with God (“Aham Brahmasmi”).
Said to be having several thousand books on a variety of topics, this reflects the wisdom and dedication of the seers of this ‘Way of Life’. Hinduism is universal, having no Pope at the helm and is free of baptisms. It aims only at one’s ultimate freedom (Self-realisation).
It all starts with the Vedas, followed by Upanishads and numerous scriptures, etc. It is impossible to glance through all of them in a lifetime. Only a peripheral view (not an in-depth study) on certain points is reflected here for ready reference.
Veda means knowledge (wisdom). (Sanskrit root is ‘Vid’, means, to know.) The four Vedas are Rg, Yajur, Sama and Atharva – said to be totalling to 100,000 couplets. (It is presumed that a large number of Vedic themes/branches are missing.) There are thousands of Vedic ‘mantras’. Besides devotional themes they also deal with social customs for leading a quality life and discuss scientific and technological matters. (Vedic words are very significant.)
Vedas are believed to be divine revelations. (Sage Vyasa codified them into four Texts, thus, he is called Veda Vyasa.) Rg Veda consisted of hymns glorifying God (of supreme knowledge), Yajur Veda is of “Karma Kanda” (of rituals & sacrifices), Sama Veda is full of musical hymns (of devotion) and Atharva Veda narrates the laws of nature and daily life procedure. Many Vedic hymns are recited during the religious ceremonies.
(The origin of the Vedas is traced to a distant past. Though some Vedic mantras/verses are seen as created by certain sages, 0ne view is that the Vedas appear to be derived from sound waves- perceived by the seers/sages during deep meditation. These “divine revelations” were orally passed down for generations. [For this the credit goes to Brahmins, who also carried forward various traditions throughout millennia. Their community is also affected by the social changes.] However, according to historians, the Vedas are derived from the ancient Indo-Aryan culture. In short, Vedic chronology is quite complicated, and one cannot fix a precise period.)
Historians maintain that codification of the Vedas took place in the second millennium B.C. (centuries after their origin). According to them, Lord Rama lived 7000 years ago whereas the scriptures state, Rama’s advent was in ‘Treta Yuga’ – ages (lakhs of years) ago. Although the Vedic era comes very late, the Vedas were orally transmitted from ancient days. We get to know from Ramayana about a number of Vedic sages and their performing yagas/yajnas with Vedic chants. Sage Valmiki, the author of Valmiki Ramayana, was a contemporary of Lord Rama. It is assumed that this was composed 2500 years ago. (However, it is believed to have been under oral tradition after being composed 7000 years ago by the sage.)
Sage Veda Vyasa is an ancient figure. One version is that he (Vyasa Krishna Dwaipayana) lived around 1500 B.C. Here, the period is disputed. Lord Krishna lived 5000 years ago when the Mahabharata War (3139 B.C.) was fought. ‘Kali Yuga’ is now more than 5000 years, which started after Krishna’s departure. Sage Vyasa, the father of Dhritarashtra-Pandu-Vidura brothers, is believed to have deputed Sanjaya to witness the war and got details for authoring Srimad Bhagavad Gita.
The Huge Number of Gods: It’s a misconception that Hinduism has 33 crores (330 million) Gods. Here, the Sanskrit word ‘Koti’ refers to ‘type’ (or, ‘supreme’) and not ‘crore’. It looks that the godly beings (devatas) are termed as gods. The One God is “Brahman”. All deities are Its manifestations, worshipped as per one’s choice. Vedas describe “Nirakara Nirguna Brahman” – the formless, omnipresent, eternal consciousness. The ‘Purusha Suktam’ (in Rg Veda, also found in all other Vedas, with slight differences in versions,) describes the transcendent God with countless heads, eyes and feet, pointing to His omnipresence.
(The “Trinity”, Brahma-Vishnu-Maheshwar, responsible for creation-sustenance-destruction of the cosmos respectively, and various forms of the Divine Mother, are multiple manifestations 0f Divinity.)
As per the Vedas, the 33 Devas/deities are Twelve Adityas, Eleven Rudras, Eight Vasus and Two Ashwins.
(Adityas [deities of twelve Lunar months] are the offspring of Aditi, the mother of Devas; Rudras are manifestations of Lord Shiva, etc., the eight Vasus [“Ashta-Vasu”] are elements of creation and Ashwins are the twin solar deities. [Names of some deities are changed/replaced in different scriptures.])
(Further, it is assumed that many Devas/demigods administer various universal affairs, while some deities take care of different body functions.)
(A version is that considering the countless deities/devatas, celestial/supernatural beings of various orders, and so on, figure 33 crore is justified. [Supernatural beings like ‘Angels’, etc., can be seen in other religions as well.] In fact, God is only one.)
The Hindu Worship and Temples: Hindu worship consists of ten types, viz, Puja (ritual worship), Arati (greeting with lamps, etc.), Bhajan (chants), Darshan (seeing a deity/holy person), Prasad (food offerings), Pravachan (talk on the scriptures), Havan (the sacred fire ceremony), Japa/Meditation/Prayer (internal spiritual practices), Pradakshina (circumambulation) and Seva (service to the deity/holy people, etc.) Personal worship involves images/idols, mantras and universal diagrams (yantras). The majority Hindu homes have a shrine/prayer room. Pilgrimage is undertaken for self-discipline and spiritual progress.
Numerous deities are worshipped in temples. There are snake temples. Snake-worship is global. Hindus worship snakes, who are capable to bless and curse. Snake-worship is common in traditional Hindu homes. (All creatures are seen as divine manifestations. Through Tantric meditation, one raises the “Kundalini” [snake power] from spinal base to the head. The Hindu god Lord Vishnu rests on a snake-bed while Lord Shiva is adorned with a snake. Snake is a symbol of power and protection. Snakes periodically shed their skin, reminding of our rebirth. WHO’s DNA emblem consists of a snake…) Certain days are marked for specially worshipping different Gods. Among them is the 10-day long ‘Dussehra’, dedicated to different aspects of the Divine Mother. New ventures are started during this auspicious time. Also, initiating children into the world of learning.
Hindu temples are seen in many countries from ancient days. A Hindu temple reflects ethics, etc. The cosmic elements that create and sustain are seen inside the temple. All parts of a temple are significant. The central shrine is the heart.
North Indian temples are built based on Nagara style of architecture while South Indian temples are based on Dravidian style. Southern temples are much larger. They are endowed with architectural beauty (esp. in Tamil Nadu). South Indian kings gave prominence to temples. The deity is placed inside the sanctum sanctorum where only priests are allowed. They perform Vedic rituals. Marble idols are placed in northern temples whereas southern idols are made of metal compound, stone, etc.
Although the northern temples enable divine fulfilment, the lack of a ritual system like the southern temples allows anyone to go easily to the idols. In some temples, devotees even directly offer worship. The atmosphere is vibrant inside the southern temples due to different puja-rituals by chanting mantras (sacred Sanskrit hymns: sounds endowed with great spiritual energy), rites like daily temple processions (by invoking the deity), the ‘temple-Vaastu’ coordinating different cosmic rhythms, etc. Different temple arts evoke devotion. Besides, certain disciplines are required to be followed inside the southern temples. Such factors make them powerful centres of divine energy.
As in some cases, so far science could not explain the architectural wonders found in many Indian temples.
The Four Denominations of Hinduism: (1) Vaishnavism (Lord Vishnu is the Supreme Brahman); (2) Shaivism (Lord Shiva is the Supreme Brahman); (3) Shaktism (Mother Shakti is the Supreme Brahman); and (4) Smartism (Smartas treat all deities equally).
The Five Debts: Hindu scriptures speak of five kinds of debts to be repaid by people: (1) To Devas (gods) for sustaining our lives with gifts of air, water, food, etc., (2) (Pitrus) (parents and ancestors) – our lineage, cause of our birth and growth, (3) To Rishis (Sages) who impart knowledge and guide us, (4) To Manushya – discharging obligations to society/humanity and (5) To Bhutas – plants/animals and nature.
There are four ‘Purusharthas’ (aims of human pursuit), viz., Dharma (the path of righteous living), Artha (the pursuit of wealth), Kama (satisfying the desires) and Moksha (attaining liberation/spiritual salvation).
The Four Ashramas (Four Orders of life) are, Brahmacharya’ (student life), ‘Grhastha’ (householder), ‘Vanaprastha’ (retired life spent in seclusion) and ‘Sanyasa’ (renouncing the world and seeking ‘moksha’ [liberation]).
Different paths to liberation are, Karma-marga (Path of Action), Bhakti-marga (Path of Devotion) and Jnana-marga (Path of Knowledge). Dhyana-marga (Raja Yoga) is the Path of Meditation.
In Karma-marga one renders selfless service to all. By sincerely dedicating to this path, a ‘karma yogi’ identifies himself with others to attain universal consciousness.
Bhakti-marga helps one reach divinity. (The nine elements of Bhakti [Devotion] are, Shravana [listening to the divine name in different ways], Kirtana [glorifying God by singing or chanting holy verses], Smarana [always remembering God with devotion], Pada-sevana [offering oneself at the holy feet of God/guru], Archana [worshipping with various items or engage in mental worship], Vandana [prostration before a deity/guru/holy person], Dasya [servitude to God], Sakhya [serving God as a friend] and Atma-nivedanam [complete surrender of body-mind-soul].)
Jnana-marga requires enough meditation and practice of yoga for self-realisation. This is the yoga of will and intellect through self-enquiry. Dhyana-marga (Raja Yoga) enables ‘Royal Union’.
Varnashrama Dharma: The Fourfold Division of Society* – “Chaturvarna” (four social groups, namely Brahmin-Kshatriya-Vysya-Sudra): (1) The Priestly class, (2) Rulers & Warriors, (3) Traders & Agriculturists and (4) the Labour class.
*(Much later, unfortunately, casteism and untouchability plagued the society – something against the tenets of Hinduism [currently getting erased]. Aryans are accused of initiating caste discrimination in India. [In ancient times some prominent persons, including sages, were low castes.] [This apart, slavery, casteism and racism in some countries have also contributed to social disgrace.])
Lord Dhanvantari
Ayurveda: Is made up of the words “Ayus” (life) and “Veda” (knowledge or science). Thus, this is ‘the science of life’. Regarded as the oldest form of healthcare in the world, this natural medical system was originated in India. Lord Dhanvantari is the god of Ayurveda. This is devised on the five elements of creation: Earth, Water, Fire, Air and Ether, which are represented in humans by “Tridosha”: Vata, Pitta and Kapha – the three principles of air (nervous system), fire (digestion, etc.) and water/moisture and lubrication. (‘Ayurveda’ is among the very few Texts regarded as ‘Panchama Veda’ or the Fifth Veda.)
Ayurveda, mentioned in the Atharva Veda, uses herbs and plants to achieve the harmony of body, mind and soul. It is aimed at not mere healing, but complete well-being of the human body and its immune system. Though Ayurvedic healing is relatively slow, this disciplined treatment has a long-lasting effect and is free of any side effects.
Knowledge of this prehistoric medical system, as obtained by the sages, was passed on to physicians. There are descriptions of various Ayurvedic surgeries as well.
Yoga: ‘Yoga’ is one of the six systems of Hindu philosophy.
This (spiritual) technique consists of numerous external and internal exercises meant for one’s physical, mental and spiritual well-being. This pre-Vedic system is discussed in scriptures like the Rg Veda, Upanishads, etc. The prominent Text, ‘Yoga Sutra’ of Sage Patanjali (assigned to second century B.C.), emphasises morality and “Chitta Vritti Nirodha” (stilling the mind in order to experience the Self.)
The Sanskrit root for ‘Yoga’ is ‘Yuj’. It is beneficial for all age groups. Yoga is ideal for relaxation, reducing stress and improving some medical conditions. It leads to spiritual awakening. (The spiritual meaning of ‘Yoga’ is communion with universal oneness.) It consists of dozens of poses out of which 84 ‘Asanas’ or postures are considered classical. The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) has declared June 21 as “International Yoga Day” (since 2015).
The eight systematic steps of Yoga are (1) Yama (Self-restraint/Morality), (2) Niyama (Self-observances), (3) Asana (Body Posture), (4) Pranayama (Control of Breath), (5) Pratyahara (Sense Control), (6) Dharana (Cultivating Internal Awareness), (7) Dhyana (Meditation) and (8) Samadhi (Union with the Divine).
(Yoga broadly helps all the three vital bodies: the Physical/Gross body, Astral/Subtle body and Causal body.)*
*(Like the universe itself, a physical body [Sthula Sarira] is made up of five elements: earth, water, fire, air and ether. Yoga and breathing exercises restore these elements. [Upon death, these elements get separated.]
The Astral/Subtle body or Sukshma Sarira is composed of prana, the vital force. The mind [seat of emotions and thoughts] affects the movement of prana [life force]. This body consists of several elements.
A combination of the physical and astral bodies, Causal body [Kaarana Sarira] is the subtlest/innermost. It records our thoughts/actions, etc., and facilitates the transmigration of a soul.)
Tantra: Vedic deities like Agni and Soma reflect the cosmic masculine energy and light identified with Lord Shiva. The Vedas also recognise ‘Shakti’ the power, the ‘Mother of the Vedas’. The Goddess pervades not as a particular deity but as the Vedic mantra itself. Many feminine deities also exist with each Vedic God. Though Tantric view focuses on ‘Shakti’, the Goddess, it also recognizes the light principle of Lord Shiva as pure illumination and aims at the realisation of the Atman. The Rg Veda contains enough mantras of ‘Kundalini Shakti’. (It can be observed that through Tantric method, energy is raised to the highest level.)
The practice of ‘Tantric meditation’ is by raising the ‘Kundalini’ (symbolising a snake) power from the base of the spine and activating the ‘third eye’ on the forehead, the seat of psychic power. However, practising without proper backing is dangerous. (This vast subject covers areas like ‘Tantra Yoga’.)
Astronomy: Beginning with the days of Indus Valley Civilization, it was later associated with the Vedas. Earlier, this was influenced by the Greek Astronomy. (Our ancestors viewed the Earth as spherical.) In the 5th-6th century, starting with Aryabhatta, it became prominent. Later Indian astronomy influenced different astronomies abroad. Other astronomers are Lalgadha, Brahmagupta, Varahamihira, Bhaskara I & II, Lalla, etc.
The Vedic scriptures, based on astronomical concepts, give mathematical and astronomical knowledge. Indian Astronomy has been placed at both the Macroscopic and Microscopic levels.
An astronomical Text titled “Kaushitaki Brahmana” is said to have stated that the ancient Hindus before 3000 B.C. were far advanced in astronomy, whereas the world started learning about various astronomical aspects many centuries later. Some of the famous Western Astronomers include Eratosthenes, Claudius Ptolemy, Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, and Isaac Newton.
Astrology: The Sanskrit word ‘Jyotisha’ means, from ‘Jyotis’ or light, which is the basis of both traditional and Vedic astrology. ‘Vedanga Jyotisha’ is the earliest book about astrology in the Vedas. Vedic astrology has mainly three branches.
This ancient method, described as “The Mother of All Sciences”, focusing on the movement of the planets, based on one’s zodiac signs, determines their influence over a person (also predicts earthly events). To become well versed with Astrology, one must learn various aspects connected to this wonderful and vast subject.
The “Nadi” astrology of South India does not consider planetary positions. (E.g., Agastya Nadi, Brighu Samhita, etc.) (Various ancient cultures were adept at astronomy, astrology, numerology and palmistry.)
There are different Western and Chinese astrological methods. (More than a dozen regular branches of astrology deal in different areas.)
Though many Indian universities have included Astrology in their syllabus, this is not approved by the scientific community.
Vaastu Shastra: Is a traditional Hindu system of architecture, incorporating both Hindu and Buddhist beliefs, integrating architecture with nature and ancient geometric patterns (yantra) and directional alignments. Vaastu Shastra designs houses, cities, gardens, roads, shops, etc.
Varieties of Indian Art Forms: The ancient 64 Arts are called ‘Chausath Kalas’ (Chausath = 64, Kalas = arts). These are related to areas of dance, drama, literature, fine arts, painting, designing, spinning, carpentry, engineering, metallurgy, healing with perfumes, juggling, weaving, gambling, and the like.
The early Indian arts were mainly Rock art, Indus Valley Civilization, Mauryan, Buddhist and Gupta arts. Indian art was excelled in Architecture, Sculpture, Wall painting, Miniature painting, Jewellery, etc., apart from Temple art, Folk and tribal art and different forms of dance and music. Dance and Music are closely linked to religious worship.
Kathakali
Dance forms are rooted in the Sanskrit text ‘Natya Shastra’, authored by Bharat Muni. Some of the classical dances are Bharatanatyam, Kathakali, Kathak, Kuchipudi, Odissi, Sattriya, Manipuri and Mohiniyattam.
(Indian Dances are of different forms in classical and folk sections Most of these are rooted in the ancient text “Natya Shastra” [authored by sage Bharata Muni]. Mudra [symbolic hand gesture] forms an integral part of Indian dance. Classical dances give prominence to “Abhinaya” [expression] and “Nritta” [pure dance]. Abhinaya is based on expressions and emotions. Nritta is displayed through physical movements and rhythms.
‘Kathak’ is the classical dance of North, West and Central India. ‘Odissi’, ‘Sattriya’ and ‘Manipuri’ represent East and North-east India. ‘Bharatanatyam’, ‘Kuchipudi, ‘Mohiniyattam’ and ‘Kathakali’ belong to South. Lord Shiva is the god of dance. His dance is called “Tandava”. The Lord as the divine dancer is ‘Nataraja’. Lord Shiva is the source of all movements within the cosmos till the dissolution of it. (A scientific view is that the universal movement of atoms, like electrons, neutrons, etc., is ‘Shiv Tandava’.)
Musical branches ate Hindustani, Carnatic, Light classical, varieties of Folk music, popular forms of music, etc.
(Indian music, evolved from the musical hymns of Sama Veda, is in harmony with nature. Its numerous ragas or melodies along with instrumental accompaniment are a treat to the ears. Certain ragas are well suited for certain occasions/seasons/pleasing certain deities, etc.
North Indian classical music is called ‘Hindustani’, whereas ‘Carnatic’ music is in Southern tradition. Music is important in life. Indian melodies are the most developed ones in the world. There are multiple varieties of musical instruments and different types of instrumental music. Divine Mother Saraswati is the goddess of music, art, learning, knowledge and wisdom.
Prehistoric Textiles: Claiming about 6000 years of history of producing beautiful fabrics, Textile was an important industry in ancient India, with global trade links. Indian silk was popular in Rome in the early centuries of A.D. Fragments of cotton material from Gujarat have been found in the Egyptian tombs at Fostat (the first capital, near Cairo). People used homespun cotton for weaving their garments. The art of weaving and dying was practised in ancient India. Embroidery, meant to strengthen the fabric and to decorate, was part of the household tradition of different communities.
The ancient writings like the Rg Veda, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, are said to describe the finesse of Indian textiles.
Mathematics: Aryabhatta of the 5th-6th century showed that zero was not only a numeral but also a concept. Discovery of zero enabled him to calculate the exact distance between the earth and the moon, besides opening up a new dimension. In the 7th century, Brahmagupta took mathematics to heights far beyond others. He introduced negative numbers and operations on zero into mathematics. Through his works, the Arabs came to know about this system.
The Concept of Atom: Aulukya conceptualised atomic (“Kana”) theory and got the name Kanada (lived around 500 B.C.). He said: “Every object of creation is made of atoms which in turn connect with each other to form molecules.” ‘Calculation of Time from the Atom’ is described in Srimad Bhagavatam (in Canto 3.)
Law of Gravity: It is said many centuries before Sir Isaac Newton, three Indian astronomer-scientists, viz., Varahamihira, Bhaskara I (both of 5th-6th century) and Bhaskara II (12th-century) had confirmed this. The fifth-century Text on Astronomy, “Surya Siddhanta”, (author unknown) is quoted as saying: “Objects fall on the earth due to a force of attraction by the earth. Therefore, the earth, planets, constellations, moon and sun are held in orbit due to this force.”
Energy Generation: The Vedas are said to be talking about generating energy – electricity, solar, wind, Hydropower, etc.
Plastic Surgery: Sushruta (lived 2600 years ago) is regarded as the Father of Indian Medicine and Plastic Surgery. He authored the medical text ‘Sushruta Samhita’. He is said to have been using live flesh from different parts of the body to make the new artificial parts, besides being skilled in cosmetic and dental surgeries. He has also discussed various urological diseases and their management with surgical details.
‘Charaka Samhita’ [400-200 B.C.] explains about various ancient medical surgeries, including the brain!)
Vedic Technology:* The Vedas and different scriptures state about scientific theories and unique weapons. However, it is surprising that such secrets were not passed down. Was it due to the fear of misusing them?
*Source: Google (for images & contents)
To cite an instance, the first aircraft is said to have been developed by an Indian Sanskrit scholar, Shivkar Bapuji Talpade from Bombay (Mumbai, India) in 1895, eight years before Wright Brothers started their first 852’ flight in 1903. A report says Talpade did it based on “Vaimanika Shastra” (Aeronautical Science) expounded by the Indian sage, Bharadwaja.
(Rg Veda is said to contain a description of three-wheeled chariots used for space travel. The Ramayana speaks about ‘Pushpaka Vimana’ – a cylindrical aircraft with portholes and a dome.)
Talpade’s aircraft was named ‘Marutsakha’, a Sanskrit word, which would mean ‘Friend of the Wind’. This unmanned aircraft flew to a height of 1500 ft. before falling to earth. (Due to lack of financial support, he could not succeed. His wife, his partner in this project, is said to have died mysteriously and a depressed Talpade – sans his wife and finances – died in 1916 when the remains of ‘Marutsakha’ were sold by his family. [A model of ‘Marutsakha’ was exhibited at a Bombay exhibition. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited has preserved the documents relating to it]. [Though the Maharaja of Baroda was willing to finance Talpade, he is said to have been warned and got it stopped by the British government.])
(It is also stated that NASA [National Aeronautical and Space Administration] has developed modern aircraft technology based on the Vedic formulae…? And that Santos D’Monte, a Brazilian, was the first to invent the plane before Wright Brothers.)
It is believed that some Sanskrit Texts were taken away to Germany. (It is also said a few Sanskrit scholars well versed in this subject were missing.) Out of these translated texts, Hitler made the SWASTIKA symbol, the sacred symbol of the Saraswati civilization which existed from 9500 BC to 4000 BC, till the Saraswati River dried up.
The SWASTIKA: A divine/powerful symbol of many cultures in different countries.
(The concerned Text is said to contain the details of the making of a motionless plane, making it invisible, distant radar monitoring of other aircraft, listening to sounds inside other planes and hiding it under the water, constructing planes without being monitored, etc.)
Maritime History: Texts like the Rg Veda, Arthashastra (3rd century B.C.), Yukti-kalpataru (11th century A.D.), etc. are said to contain different aspects of shipbuilding. The word Navigation is derived from the Sanskrit word ‘Navgaith’. Indian Shipbuilding seems to have a history of 5000 years. It is even stated that each of those well-furnished ships carried hundreds of passengers! The world’s first tidal dock is believed to have been built in a Gujarat (Western India) coast around 2400 B.C. A magnetic compass called ‘Matsya yantra’ – an iron fish that floated in a vessel of oil and pointed to the North – and even a sextant, were used for navigation.
Production Technology: Ancient India provided natural produce that was traded and even exported to different countries. Some historians have stated this. Extraction of Iron is said to have started around 4th century B.C. During the Mughal era, this Industry was flourished. However, British policies have inactivated mining and metallurgy.
Iron ornaments were more expensive than gold. Artillery and warfare weapons were produced at high temperatures, hammered and shaped in the required forms. Huge pillars were made for monuments and temples. Many countries preferred Indian Iron and Steel products for building bridges, etc. ‘Wootz’ steel, found in some southern parts of India (Karnataka region), was in use. At controlled temperatures, steel ingots were produced and processed to form swords, etc. This art was vanished by the middle of the 19th century with the imports of steel from England.
Metallurgy: Starting from the 3rd millennium B.C. continuing through the British Raj, various metals such as Brass, Copper, Zinc, Iron, Steel, Gold, Silver, etc. were used.
(Science has accepted ancient India’s knowledge in various fields. There existed a few ‘scientists’ who were proficient in various branches of knowledge.)
(Ancient India [comprised of several hundred princely States] was a marine power and was very rich. Varieties of goods were shipped to many countries. Besides early travelogues, even Biblical reference is cited, on the imports for King Solomon. This prominence got declined due to invaders.)
FOUR VEDAS:
RG VEDA: ‘Rg’ refers to “Praise”. This oldest Text is estimated to be composed around 1700 B.C. It has ten ‘Mandalas’ or volumes with 1028 hymns and 10,600 verses. This is considered to be the most important of the four Vedas. The Rg Veda starts by saluting Agni (Lord of Fire). It lavishly praises Lord Indra (chief of gods), besides Soma (the moon deity), Surya (the Sun-god) and Varuna (Lord of Oceans/Waters). The list includes Lord Vishnu and Lord Rudra as well. The hymns also praise several other deities.
It discusses cosmology and many metaphysical issues. The hymns deal with Atheism (disbelief in the existence of God), Monotheism (one God with numerous manifestations and deities), Monism (Brahman is all-pervading while God is inside) and Polytheism (the belief in more than one God). One hymn even suggests metalworking in the Vedic culture.
It throws light into the Concept of King, Village formation, Taxation, Military & Spy functions, and so on.
Aitareya Upanishad is an important one in the Rg Veda.
The Rg Veda, which welcomes “Noble thoughts from all directions”, prays that the wicked and the vicious may attain the highest wisdom.
Thirty translations of Rg Veda are identified, including those of Max Muller and Sri Aurobindo.
YAJUR VEDA: ‘Yajus’ means “prose mantra”. Hence, it is the Veda of prose mantras. It describes the way in which religious rituals and sacred ceremonies should be performed. It is in two parts – the “black” (Krishna) Yajurveda and the “white” (Shukla) Yajurveda. This Text consists of two major sacrifices: Darsapurnamasa and Asvamedha. Shukla Yajur Veda consists of prayers and formulas of sacrifices to the gods, while Krishna Yajur Veda consists of the rites and rituals of various sacrifices.
These hymns are chanted to awaken the inner consciousness and draw the cosmic energies, essential for a contented life. ‘Sri Rudram’, the famous chant of Lord Shiva, establishing His identity with the Vedic sacrifices, is found in the Yajur Veda.
Krishna Yajur Veda has four different parts: Taittiriya Samhita, Maitrayani Samhita, Caraka Katha Samhita and Kapisthala Katha Samhita. Of these, Taittiriya Samhita is regarded to be the best of Yajur Veda. It is divided into seven books, which are then subdivided into several chapters. These chapters contain several sections. (As a whole, Yajur Veda has more than 7000 verses.)
The Yajur Veda contains six primary Upanishads, viz., Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (one of the first and principal Upanishads with six chapters, this earnestly prays to “Lead me from unreal to the real, from ignorance to light, and, from death to immortality” – ‘Asato Ma Sadgamaya…’ It also declares (in Shukla Yajur Veda), ‘Aham Brahasmi’ (“I am Brahman”, or, Divine). Isha Upanishad (one of the shortest, that deals with the Soul) is in the White Yajur Veda, which reminds that ‘Truth is covered with (as if) a golden vase’ (‘Hiranmayena Patrena Sathyasya Apihitham Mukham’), Taittiriya Upanishad (in the Black Yajur Veda, asserts one’s powerful divine nature), Katha Upanishad (also in the Black Yajur Veda, is a widely studied Upanishad dealing with the existence of the Soul and secret of death – this contains the conversation between Nachiketa and Yama [god of death]), Shvetashvatara Upanishad (in the Black Yajur Veda, speaks of the existence of universal Soul) and Maitrayaniya Upanishad (also in the Black Yajur Veda), describes the immortal Self.
SAMA VEDA: ‘Saaman’ means “song” (i.e., the Veda of melodies). Its 1,875 verses are derived from the Rg Veda. This comprises two parts. The first part includes four melody collections (Gana) and the second part (Arcika). The ‘Gramageya’ melodies are for open recitations and ‘Aranyageya’ melodies are for meditative use (in solitude).
Sama Veda is the shortest of all the four Vedas. Though having independent verses, it includes numerous verses from Rg Veda. This Text is said to have compiled exclusively for the ritual application (at important sacrifices using the juice of the Soma plant). This also starts by praising Lord Agni. This is said to be the foundation for all Indian musical systems and is seen as the best of Vedas.
This Text contains two primary Upanishads:
Chandogya Upanishad: This Text combines a wide range of philosophical topics. This Upanishad proclaims the Mahavakya, ‘Tat Twam Asi’ (“That Thou Art”). (This is one of the largest/oldest Upanishads with 8 chapters, 154 sections and 629 verses.)
Kena Upanishad: Says ethical life is the foundation of self-knowledge.
ATHARVA VEDA: Considered a storehouse of knowledge for daily life, this is a later addition to the set of Vedas. It consists of 730 hymns with about 6,000 mantras, divided into 20 books, with several verses adapted from the Rg Veda.
This is also called ‘Atharvana Veda’, named after the sage Atharvan, the ‘discoverer’ of fire, to whom the authorship of Atharva Veda is attributed.
The Atharva Veda has some special features, which deals with diseases and their cure, Rites for prolonging life, Rites for fulfilling one’s desires, Building construction, Trade and commerce, Black magic, etc.
The prevailing social culture is indicated. For instance, the land is extended from Gandhara (in Afghanistan) to Magadha (Bihar) and Anga (Bengal). The ‘varṇa’ system was well established. People lived in harmony. Kings were powerful. Trade and commerce flourished through agriculture, the source of living. The cow was highly venerated and ‘godhana’ (gift of cows) was considered highly meritorious. The institution of marriage was similar to that of the Rgvedic times.
This “Veda of magical formulas” deals with the tradition of magico-religious rites to address superstitious anxiety, etc., which includes three primary Upanishads:
Mundaka Upanishad: The Mundakams (parts) define the science of “Higher Knowledge” and “Lower Knowledge”, and speak of the futility of mere oblations, focusing on knowledge. This Upanishad describes the nature of Brahman and the path to know it. It states that knowing Brahman is attaining freedom.
Mandukya Upanishad discusses the syllable “Om”, presents the theory of four states of consciousness and the existence and nature of the Soul. (This is the shortest of all Upanishads with only 12 verses – all in prose.)
Prashna Upanishad: Gives insights into the education process in ancient India. The six Prashna (questions) and discussions are on metaphysical and on “Om” and “Moksha” (liberation of the soul).
Health care was influenced by Atharva Veda, which is said to be the root of “Ayurveda”.
BRAHMANAS (prose commentaries) belong to all the Vedas. Other sections are ARANYAKAS (ritual part of the Vedas), SAMHITAS (benediction hymns) and UPANISAHADS (spirituality and philosophy).
Brahmanas: Twenty of them have been identified.
The seven Aranyakas are Aitreya & Kaushitaki/Sankhayan Aranyakas (Rg Veda), Brihadaranyaka (Shukla Yajurveda) and Taittiriya & Maitrayaniya Aranyakas (Krishna Yajurveda) and, Talavakara or Jaiminiya-Upanshad & Chandogya Aranyakas (Sama Veda). There is no Aranyaka which belongs to the Atharva Veda. Aranyakas were created in forests (Aranya) by the Sages.
Each Veda has a Samhita, besides post-Vedic Samhitas. There are sixteen of them.
Upanishads are detailed below. (In the Vedic literature, Upanishads were written finally. Hence, they are also called ‘Vedanta’, or the end of the Vedas.)
(It is also stated that Aranyakas and Upanishads represent the Jnana-Kanda of the Vedas and Samhitas and Brahmanas belong to the Karma-Kanda. The word Brahmana is rooted in the word ‘brahman’.)
UPANISHADS:
Upanishads form the core of Indian philosophy. They are part of the Vedas and said to have been written around 500 B.C, briefly expounding the Vedic themes. (Upa [near] and shad [to sit] meaning, “sitting down near” [the teacher].) The Upanishads are the widely known Vedic literature.
There are over 200 surviving Upanishads (out of a total of 1180 with 21, 109, 1000 and 50 subdivisions to Rig, Yajur, Sama and Atharva Vedas respectively). Names of the authors are not known. The originals are said to have been altered and the existing texts are believed to be the work of many authors.
They describe the universe and the human experience, as motivated by the eternal consciousness (Soul) and nature and the ever-changing material world (Illusion). The Upanishads say the knowledge of Atman is “true knowledge”.
They do not offer a single comprehensive system of thought. However, they project basic ideas, like, Samsara (cycle of life or reincarnation), Karma (actions and consequences which determines the next life), Dharma (right conduct) and Moksha (liberation from birth and death). They remind us that we are, in fact, not the body or the mind, but Atman or “Self”.
The Isha Upanishad insists to explore the Truth, which is concealed by a golden vessel.
A few pro-Buddhist Upanishads dispute the concept of Atma-Brahma.
A couple of Texts ask to replace ‘external offerings or rites’ by ‘internal ritual of introspection’.
They form the basis for the three Vedanta philosophies: Advaita (Monism), Vishishtadvaita (Qualified Monism) and Dvaita (Dualism), and also, the Bhagavad Gita and the Brahmasutra.
The Upanishadic teachings include, ‘Tasmai Namah Karmane’ – “Salutations to action.” (The proverb says, “Work is worship, duty is God”.)
The Upanishads are translated into various languages.
LIST OF 108 UPANISHADS (Source: Google)
The list is seen in Muktika Upanishad. Following ones are considered the primary Upanishads:
| Another Eight, called minor Upanishads, are: |
The 108 names are identified with the respective Veda, with the very important ones marked in blue:
Rigveda (10)§ Aitareya § Atmabodha § Mudgala § Nirvana § Nadabindu § Akshamaya § Tripura § Bahvruka § Saubhagyalakshmi Yajurveda (50)§ Katha § Isavasya § kshi § Ekakshara § Garbha § Sariraka § Sukarahasya § Skanda § Sarvasara § Adhyatma § Niralamba § Paingala § Mantrika § Muktika § Subala § Avadhuta § Katharudra § Brahma § Jabala § Turiyatita § Paramahamsa § Bhikshuka § Yajnavalkya § Satyayani § Amrtanada § Amrtabindu § Kshurika § Tejobindu § Dhyanabindu § Brahmavidya § YogakundalinI § Yogatattva § Varaha § Advayataraka § mandalabrahmana § Hamsa § Kalisantaraaa § Narayana § Tarasara § Kalagnirudra § Rudrahrdaya § SarasvatIrahasya |
SamaVeda (16)§ Kena § Mahat § Savitri § Aruneya § Kundika § Maitreyi § Samnyasa § Avyakta § Vasudeva § Jabali § Rudrakshajabala Atharvaveda (32)§ Prasna § Mandukya § Mundaka § Atma § Surya § Narada-Parivrajakas § Parabrahma § Paramahamsa-Parivrajakas § Sandilya § Krishna § Garuda § Gopalatapani § Tripadavibhuti-mahnarayana § Dattatreya § Kaivalya § NrsimhatapanI § Ganapati § Brhajjabala § Bhasmajabala § Sarabha § Annapurna § TripuratapanI § Devi § Bhavana § SIta |
The Upanishads speak of ultimate freedom. It does not require following a particular faith nor the services of priests and mediators; it does not differentiate between God and the worshipper. We are all one; there is only Consciousness.
A Shanti Mantra of Aitareya Upaniṣad, in Ṛg Veda, chants:
Oṃ saha nāvavatu; saha nau bhunaktu; saha vīryaṃ karavāvahai; tejasvi nāvadhītamastu mā vidviṣāvahai. Om śāntiḥ śāntiḥ śāntiḥ.
Meaning: May we both (the teacher and the student) be impelled together; may God nourish us both; may we utilise our energy together; may our learning be brilliant. Om Peace Peace Peace.
THE TWO EPICS AND THE CELESTIAL SONG BHAGAVAD GITA:
Ramayana and Mahabharata* are the two major epics of India. The Gita is a scientific and rational document on Soul and Nature, convincingly explained by Lord Krishna to Arjuna, over 5000 years ago (minutes before the Mahabharata war started). It speaks about the soul’s connection with the creator and creation (Nature), its evolutionary process through rebirths in various forms, etc. It also deals with, among other things, the paths of ‘Karma’ (action), ‘Bhakti’ (devotion) and ‘Jnana’ (wisdom).
*(The first book, ‘Valmiki Ramayana’ has 24000 verses. [The first letter of every thousandth verse, when put together, results in the Gayatri Mantra, which has 24 letters – this Vedic mantra was created by sage Vishwamitra. This is to invoke Goddess Gayatri to transform the consciousness.] Ramayana has 7 ‘KANDAs’ [sections]. The longest poem in history, Mahabharata by sage Vyasa [said to contain later additions], is said to consist of 125,000 verses with 18 ‘Parvas’ [major chapters]). The Gita, which forms part of it, has 700 [701] verses and 18 chapters.)
THE SIX SCHOOLS OF HINDU PHILOSOPHY (“SHAD DARSHANAS”):
‘Samkhya’ (the oldest system) (Evolution happens with the union of ‘Purusha‘ and ‘Prakriti’. Also, speaks about the five elements of creation.) (By Kapila)
‘Nyaya’ (Tarka Shastra) (Obtaining valid knowledge is the only way to gain release from suffering.) (By Gautama)
‘Vaisheshika’ (God created the world and souls are born as per merits.) (By Kanada)
‘Yoga’ (The practical method of the Yoda philosophy is called the Astanga Yoga (set of eight limbs [‘asta anga’], also called the Raja Yoga, which includes eight methods for one’s liberation. ) (By Patanjali)
‘Purva Mimamsa’ (Is based on the ‘Karma Kanda’ of the Vedas – liberation is attained by rightly performing actions.) (By Jaimini)
‘Uttara Mimamsa’ (Vedanta Darshana) (Propagates liberation theory.) (By Badarayana)
THE SIX SHASTRAS or the six disciplines of Vedanga (limbs of the Vedas) are: Shiksha (phonetics and phonology – study of speech sound, etc.), Kalpa (ritual instructions), Vyakarana (grammar), Nirukta (etymology – on the origins of words, etc.), Chandas (Vedic poetic meter) and Jyotisha (astrological finding of auspicious time for rituals, etc.)
PURANAS:
(Over 400,000 verses)
18 Maha (Major) Puranas: Three groups of six each: Satwic (devoted to Lord Vishnu), Rajasic (Lord Shiva) and Tamasic (Lord Brahma). (The authorship is attributed to Sage Veda Vyasa.)
|
Vishnu Purana Narada Purana Padma Purana Garuda Purana Varaha Purana Bhagavatha Purana Matsya Purana Kurma Purana Linga Purana |
Shiva Purana Skanda Purana Agni Purana Brahma Vaivartha Purana Brahmanda Purana Vayu Purana Makandeya Purana Bavishya Purana Vamana Purana |
(Skanda Purana is the largest one with 81,000 verses and Vishnu Purana with 7,000 verses, the shortest.)
18 Upa (Minor) Puranas: Ganesha, Vashishtha, Narasimha, Nandi, Hamsa, Durvasa, Devi Bhagavatam, Kapila, Vamana, Sanatkumara, Varuna, Kalika, Maheshvara, Samba, Surya, Parashara, Brihannardiya and Bhargava.
(Besides, there are ‘Sthala Puranas’ [dealing with temples] and ‘Kula Puranas’ [background of different families] and some more.)
Purana means “ancient”. Puranas (simple, poetic explanations of Vedic philosophy, also termed mythical) influenced people and intensified their Bhakti (devotion). They deal with a variety of topics of social relevance, such as politics, education, taxation, trade, diplomacy, medicine, Vaastu, water distribution, grammar, martial arts, Lord Vishnu’s incarnations, army, cosmology, “heaven and hell”, minerals and stones, astronomy, origin of the universe, and so on.
ANCIENT INDIAN WRITERS* (Source: Google)
Literature
Grammar
| Writer | Works |
| Apastamba | Dharmasutra |
| Kātyāyana | Varttika |
| Pānini | Ashtadhyayi |
| Patañjali | Mahabhasya, Yoga Sūtras |
| Pingala | Chandaḥśāstra |
| Śākaṭāyana | Lakṣaṇa Śāstra |
| Shaunaka | Ṛg Veda-Prātiśākhya, Bṛhaddevatā, Caraṇa-vyūha, six Anukramaṇīs (indices) to the Rg Veda |
| Vararuchi | Prākṛt Prakāśa |
| Yāska | Nirukta |
Astrology
| Writer | Works |
| Kalyāṇavarman | Sārāvalī |
| Parashara | Bṛhat Parāśara Horāśāstra |
Medicine
| Writer | Works |
| Charaka | Charaka Samhita |
| Kashyap | Kashyap Samhita |
| Madhav | Nidāna |
| Sushruta | Sushruta Samhita |
| Vagbhata | Ashtanga Sangraha, Ashtanga Hridaya Samhita |
Mathematics
| Writer | Works |
| Aryabhata | Āryabhaṭīya, Arya-siddhanta |
| Baudhayana | Shulba Sutras, Shrauta Sutra, Dharmasūtra |
| Bhāskara I | Āryabhaṭīyabhāṣya, Mahābhāskarīya, Laghubhāskarīya |
| Bhāskara II | Siddhānta Shiromani (four volumes: Lilāvati, Bijaganita, Grahaganita and Golādhyāya) |
| Brahmagupta | Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta |
| Halayudha | Mṛtasañjīvanī |
| Mahāvīra (mathematician) | Ganit Saar Sangraha |
| Parameshvara | Bhatadipika, Karmadipika, Paramesvari, Sidhantadipika, Vivarana, Drgganita, Goladipika, Grahanamandana, Grahanavyakhyadipika, Vakyakarana |
| Varāhamihira | Pancha-Siddhantika, Brihat-Samhita, Brihat Jataka, Daivaigya Vallabha, Laghu Jataka, Yoga Yatra, Vivaha Patal |
| Virasena | Dhavala |
| Baudhayana Rishi | Baudhayana Sutras ,
Baudhāyana Sulbasūtra, Baudhāyana Dharmasūtra |
*There are more.
MAJOR UNIVERSITIES IN ANCIENT INDIA:
Takshashila (Taxila/Takshila):
Now a tourist spot in North-Western Pakistan, this (Buddhist) centre of learning is believed to have been founded around 1000 B.C. [Traditionally the history of the city of Taxila is connected to Ramayana and that of the varsity to the epic Mahabharata. The Buddhist literature states that this city was the capital of a Buddhist Kingdom, known as Gandhara.]
Two Chinese Buddhist monks/pilgrims, Faxian and Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsang) wrote about this institution. Centuries before Christ this centre was attracting students from different countries, including China, Babylon, Syria, Arabia and Greece, until the destruction of the city in the 5th century. Some 60 subjects were taught and more than 10,500 students studied there. The alumni include Kautilya/Chanakya (the author of ’Arthashastra’), grammarian Panini, the Father of Medicine Charaka, the scholar/author Vishnu Sharma, the physician Jivaka, etc. (Taxila is in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.)
Sharada Peeth Temple University:
This temple university of Vedic works was in Kashmir. The ruins of it and Sharada Temple, dedicated to Goddess of learning, Saraswati, are under Pakistan’s jurisdiction. (Both are in Neelam valley, near the line of control.) Many scholars, including Adi Shankaracharya, were hosted here. Although historians maintain that it flourished between 6th and 12th centuries, going by the details of scholars like Adi Shankara it is felt that this university was existing 2500 years ago. At first, the temple was built (centuries ago.) (Sharada Peeth is among the 18 Maha Shaktipeethas.)
Nalanda:*
This is one of the first great universities in recorded history, located in a Buddhist monastery in Magadha (Bihar). The University attracted students even from China, Greece and Persia. It was founded by a Gupta Emperor during 5th century and flourished till 12th century, when Buddhism started declining. At its peak Nalanda University held over 10,000 students and 2,000 teachers. A Delhi Sultanate destroyed it. Now it is a (Buddhist) tourist destination.
It is said that both Lord Mahavira and Lord Buddha had visited Nalanda Village. (The Land of Nalanda is an ancient centre of Jain culture.) In 2010, it was established by an Act of Parliament to emulate this ancient university. Countries like China, Japan and Singapore were willing to help. (This is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.)
*(Courses started for the first batch of students in September 2014. The campus, recreated like the ancient one, was opened in February 2022.)
Pushpagiri:
Pushpagiri University was in Kalinga kingdom (now in the eastern Indian State of Odisha) and considered to have flourished between 3rd and 11th centuries. (It was destroyed during a war.) (A version says that it was built by Emperor Ashoka in B.C.) The campus of this prominent university was spread across three hilltops, contained several monasteries, temples, etc. Chinese traveller Xuanzang (7th century) has mentioned about this important Buddhist Mahavihara. The centre taught a wide range of subjects pertaining to Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.
Vallabhi:
Established in Saurashtra (Gujarat), this centre flourished between 6th and 12th centuries. Chinese travellers Xuanzang and I-tsing (Yijing) (7th century) describe it. (It was a noted centre of the Jains). For some time, it was considered to be a rival to Nalanda. The Kings used to employ its graduates to assist the government. There were more than 6,000 monks studying here . Some 100 monasteries were provided for their accommodation. (The Arab attack led to its decline.) (The Indian government plans to revive it.)
Odantapuri:
Odantapuri Buddhist Mahavihara was established in Bihar in the 8th century and flourished till 12th century. (This great Buddhist learning centre was destroyed by Muslim invaders, along with Nalanda.) According to Tibetan books, some 12,000 students were studying here.
Vikramashila:*
This largest Buddhist Mahavihara was established (in Bihar) by the Buddhist King Dharmapala in the 8th century to maintain the quality of scholarship at Nalanda. It flourished for about 400 years till it was destroyed by those invaders who had earlier destroyed Nalanda. The campus had a sprawling 100 acres area. It was competing with Nalanda. (This centre was well known for training in ‘Buddhist Tantra’, though subjects like philosophy, grammar, metaphysics, etc. were taught here.)
*(The Monument is open for visitors. The Government plans to revive it. A report says that this centre will be 100% Digital.)
Somapura:
Somapura Mahavihara was established in 8th century in Bengal, by Pala dynasty and flourished till 12th century. This was a major centre of learning for Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism. Much later, it was left abandoned by the Muslim rulers. (This centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.) This is an important tourist spot in Bangladesh.
Jagaddala:
Now, this site is also in Bangladesh. This centre of learning was established by Pala dynasty during the 11th century. Little is known about Jagaddala Mahavihara. Excavations by UNESCO have established that the site was a Buddhist monastery.
The above centres are only a few out of several ancient Indian universities.
The recently discovered Munshiganj Vihara in Bengal is said to have been established in the 9th century and was home to 8000 students who also represented China, Tibet, Nepal and Thailand.
The oldest universities in ancient India – also the earliest in the world – are Takshashila (Taxila) and Nalanda.
(Although there is no archaeological record, it is believed that Mithila University [supposed to be in today’s Bihar-Nepal region] was a prominent seat of Brahmanical system of education, existed since the time of King Janaka of Ramayana, who was holding here religious conferences in which the Rishis [Sages] and the learned were participating. Subjects like Literature, Fine Arts, Vedas, Nyaya Shastra [Jurisprudence], Tarka Shastra [Logic] etc. are said to have been taught here.)
As in different parts of the country, there existed several ancient universities in different regions of southern India as well.
For instance, Nagarjuna Vidyapeeth in Andhra Pradesh flourished during 7th and 8th centuries. The Kantaloor Sala University in Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala – existed from 9th century till end of 12th century – excelled in the study of Vedas, Sanskrit and Military Science. Known as “Dakshina Nalanda” (Nalanda of the South), it was destroyed during regular Chola attacks. This institution is being revived. Among other educational centres was Thrikkodthanam University (A.D.800 – A.D.1100) in Kottayam, Kerala. (Several thousand students were studying in all these Institutions.)
THREE MESSENGERS OF VEDANTA:
ADI SHANKARA
He is considered to be an 8th/9th-century master, though different earlier periods are attributed to his existence. He founded ‘Advaita Vedanta’ (Non-dualism or Monism) which says, “Brahman alone is real, this world is illusory; the Jiva is identical with Brahman”. Briefly, he affirms that the entire universe is pervaded by the One Atman. He disapproved Dualism.
He revived Hinduism by travelling all over India to help restore the study of the Vedas and monastic life when it was in the grip of ritualism and was facing threats from the growing influence of Buddhism. He is also credited with unifying various Hindu sects under ‘Sanatana Dharma’.
His efforts included the celebration of “Kumbha Mela” with a Vedic touch by ensuring more social recognition. Every three years this riverside festival is held at four places by rotation. At any given place, it is held once in 12 years. The ascetics/pilgrims bathe in a sacred river to wash away their sins. (Two places host an “Ardha” [Half] Kumbha Mela every six years. Every 12 years, it is a “Purna” [Full] Kumbha Mela. A “Maha” [Great] Kumbha Mela occurs every 144 years, held in one place.)
It’s mythological. ‘Kumbh’ means pot. Some drops of the precious nectar spilled at these spots as the gods were fleeing with the pot (obtained while churning the ocean of Milk) when the demons chased them for 12 days – one day of the gods equals our one year. (The story signifies the churning of our minds by keeping away from all attractions and getting deeper to attain immortality.) (This is the world’s largest congregation. UNESCO’s Cultural Heritage List contains this.)
He established four “Mathas” (Monasteries) in different Vedic traditions: ‘Govardhana Matha’ (Rg Veda), Puri, Odisha, (EAST), ‘Sharada Peetham’ (Yajur Veda), Sringeri, Karnataka, (SOUTH), ‘Dwaraka Peeth’ (Sama Veda), Gujarat, (WEST) and ‘Jyotir Math’ (Atharva Veda), Badrinath, Uttarakhand, (NORTH). (Though the ‘Kanchi Math’ in South India maintains that it was also established by him, the other monasteries do not accept this version.)
(As per a historical record he was born on 9th April, 509 B.C. It specifies the years of his establishing the monasteries. [His biography [‘Brihat Shankara Vijaya’] is cited to confirm his birth in this year in Kaladi, Kerala in South India.] It is pointed out that his life history [8th/9th-century] does not mention anything about Christianity and its growth in India and that the western historians were distorting facts to give supremacy to their religion.)
“Seat of Wisdom”: Sharada Peetha in PoK
He ascended ‘Sarvajna Peetha’ – “Seat of Omniscience” – in Kashmir (PoK) after defeating the scholars in a philosophical debate.
Shankaracharya disappeared into the Himalayas and passed away at 32. (His ‘Samadhi’ [grave] [destroyed by the flash floods of 2013] is located behind Kedarnath shrine, dedicated to Lord Shiva, which was renovated by him. The hot water spring, said to be his creation for his disciples, who were shivering in cold, is here.)
(It is assumed that Shankaracharya must have developed a Fistula type disease after suffering from the black magic performance of an opponent from Kashmir who was defeated in a debate, though this was retaliated by his disciple Padmapada [born Sanandana] and after the recovery, he went to Kailash.)
Born in a Namboothiri Brahmin family in Kerala, the little boy obtained his mother’s permission to embrace Sanyas (sainthood) (she had to agree in a desperate situation when he was caught by a crocodile while bathing in the river). He then became a disciple of Govinda Bhagavatpada.
(Years later, he reached beside his bedridden mother, thus, fulfilling his promise of seeing her before her death. He countered serious difficulties in performing her funeral rites, as he was alone. [His community members turned against him and rejected his doctrine, which was not in tune with their traditi0n. It is also stated that he enabled his mother to get a divine vision just before her death. And this ascetic drew flak for his family ties!])
Going by an anecdote, an ascetic (Kapalika) begged for his head as a gift (to ensure the former’s spiritual triumph). Shankara consented. Knowing this, Padmapada, his disciple, killed the Kapalika.
(He travelled by foot across India, said to be three times [even through thick forests infested with wild animals], established monasteries and made social contacts to revive Hinduism with his “Advaita” doctrine. (An school of thought feels that he might have repeatedly reached different places by a yogic method known as “Time Travel”.) He reorganised and promoted the ancient Kumbha Mela festival. He also wrote numerous books and commentaries [‘Bhasya’] and finally ascended “Sarvajna Peetha”. One wonders as to how he managed to do all these things in a short span of less than two decades! This highly revered Spiritual Master is regarded as an incarnation of Lord Shiva.)
RAMANUJA
His ‘Vishishtadvaita’ (Qualified Monism) (theory of 11th/12th century) accepts that the Vedas are a reliable source of knowledge. He has questioned both Advaita (Monism) and Dvaita (Dualism) philosophies.
Against Shankara’s version that the material world has no existence, he said it is the energy of Godhead. He asserted the existence of plurality and distinction between Atman (soul) and Brahman (ultimate reality), and a soul’s potential to realise identity with the Brahman.
His efforts made Bhakti (devotion) a major force within different traditions of Hinduism. He formulated Bhakti Yoga, giving importance to devotion than meditation.
He was born in a Brahmin family in Tamil Nadu (South India). He was married. Ramanujacharya passed away at 120 years of age.
(His centuries-old, mummified body is said to be preserved in a shrine dedicated to him in Srirangam in Tamil Nadu– something unique!)
(Twice there were attempts on his life. In both the occasions, the culprits realised their mistake and surrendered.)
MADHAVACHARYA
This 12th/13th-century founder of ‘Dvaita’ (Dualism) philosophy hailed from Karnataka in South India. He became a saint at a younger age.
He was a critic of both Adi Shankara’s ‘Advaita’ and Ramanuja’s ‘Vishishtadvaita’ theories. He toured and visited different centres of learning in the country, engaged in philosophical debates and conquered many scholars. Dualism says the soul (Jiva) and matter (Prakriti or Nature) are separate entities and that the individual souls only reflect the divinity.
He established the famous Krishna Temple at Udupi (Karnataka), by installing the idol brought from Dwaraka. He also established eight Mathas. His version of ‘Vaishnava Philosophy’ is practised by the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKON) worldwide.
His biography says he possessed superhuman powers and used to perform miracles. He lived for 79 years and is believed to have disappeared after a miraculous rain of flowers covering him while teaching his disciples!
(He was born in a Tulu speaking Vaishnavite Brahmin family, as Vasudeva in Karnataka in South India. He was not convinced of the scriptural description of the oneness of the human soul and God. It is said that he has proclaimed himself to be the third incarnation of Vayu, the wind god and that he believed himself to be an intermediary between Lord Vishnu and Dvaita devotees.)
(Needless to say, all these three ‘JNANIS’ excelled in oratory and authorship and focussed their philosophies on the Atma [Soul]. Various saints/spiritual masters have been propagating these theories.
MAHAVATAR BABAJI AND KRIYA YOGA:
Books like “COSMIC CONSCIOUSNESS” (By Dr.Richard Maurice Bucke), “DEATH – AND AFTER?” (By Dr.Annie Besant), “A SEARCH IN SECRET INDIA” (By Dr. Paul Brunton), “AUTOBIOGRAPHY of a YOGI” (By Swami Paramahansa Yogananda), “TOWARDS THE SILVER CRESTS OF THE HIMALAYAS” (By G.K. Pradhan), etc., deal with evolution of consciousness and speak of numerous spiritual giants.
Mahavatar Babaji
The oldest (“deathless”) guru of Yogananda’s spiritual lineage, the young–looking “Mahavatar Babaji”, is said to be alive for at least two millennia (!) Swami Paramahansa writes about his meetings with Babaji. He also states about a few others who got this rare chance earlier.
Yogananda states that Mahavatar Babaji had initiated Adi Shankara, Kabir, etc. into “Kriya Yoga”. (In “THE SECOND COMING OF CHRIST’, he says Jesus Christ [during His younger days in India] was in contact with Him.) Kriya Yoga (a revival of the science which Lord Krishna taught Arjuna; and that was later known to Patanjali, Christ, and so on) ensures a faster evolution. This Himalayan Master, who appears anywhere (even in disguise) as He wills, has imparted this knowledge to mankind through His chosen disciples. (He is expected to make his public appearance in 2053 during a yoga seminar.)
THE TORCHBEARERS:
SWAMI VIVEKANANDA
Narendranath Datta was the disciple of the 19th-century mystic Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa of Calcutta (Kolkata) – an ardent devotee of Kali, the Divine Mother. He was given the name “Vivekananda” (meaning “the bliss of discerning wisdom” while ‘Swami’ is a Hindu monk – in Sanskrit, “he who is one with his Self [Swa]”) by King Ajit Singh of Khetri (Rajasthan). After the passing away of his Guru, he toured the country extensively. He identified a rock-hill on 24th December, 1892, located in the Indian Ocean in the southernmost tip of India (Cape Comorin, now called Kanyakumari) for his prolonged meditation.* (The penniless Swami swam through the turbulent waters to reach this ideal spot). (‘Swami Vivekananda Rock Memorial’ [about 500 metres away from the mainland] was built here in 1970.)
*(Incidentally, the ‘Triveni Sangam/Sangamam’ at Kanyakumari is the only point in the world where three seas confluence: The Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Besides other attractions, at this pilgrim centre one can enjoy a spectacular Sunrise and Sunset.)
His clarion call: ‘Arise, Awake, And Stop Not Till The Goal is Reached.’
(“Uttishthata Jagrata Prapya Varan Nibodhata” – Katha Upanishad)
During those moments of deep silence (believed to be a three-day long meditation leading to enlightenment), he is said to have heard his Guru’s voice asking him to attend the forthcoming “World Parliament of Religions” to be held in Chicago (from 11 to 27 September 1893) which he had earlier wished. (This was being held to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus). After receiving the blessings of ‘Sri Sri Maa’ [Holy Mother Sarada Devi, Sri Ramakrishna’s widow], he managed to go; registered as a delegate.
It is said on the stage, a nervous Swami in prayers had the vision of his Guru and was energised by a divine spirit! He began his speech:
“Sisters and brothers of America,
(The applause lasted at least two minutes)
“It fills my heart with joy unspeakable to rise in response to the warm and cordial welcome which you have given us. I thank you in the name of the most ancient order of monks in the world; I thank you in the name of the mother of religions and I thank you in the name of millions and millions of Hindu people of all classes and sects…
“I am proud to belong to a religion which has taught the world both tolerance and universal acceptance. We believe not only in universal toleration, but we accept all religions as true. I am proud to belong to a nation which has sheltered the persecuted and the refugees of all religions and all nations of the earth…”
He spoke (on the final day): “…Upon the banner of every religion will soon be written, in spite of resistance: Help and not Fight; Assimilation and not Destruction; Harmony and Peace and not Dissension.”
(The venue of this historical event is today’s Art Institute of Chicago. SV was among the seven speakers from India [one was a woman]. (Yet another Indian to be represented in the Columbian Exposition was the globally renowned painter, Raja Ravi Varma from Kerala. Some of his paintings were sent and displayed in the exhibit, and he won the award.)
SV (an ‘uninvited guest’) was initially allotted only two minutes to speak which was extended. He delivered six speeches, including reading a Paper on Hinduism. The book, “A Chorus of Faith: As Heard in the Parliament of Religions…” lists 127 speakers – both men and women. He mesmerised a gathering of some 7000 people, including 5000 delegates.)
Then there was no looking back. (This ‘Apostle of Hinduism’ travelled twice to different countries.) A major force in the revival of Hinduism, he established Vedanta and Yoga in the West and is credited with raising interfaith awareness and bringing Hinduism to the status of a major world religion. This reformer endeavoured to free religion from superstition. He said: “I will go into a thousand hells cheerfully if I can rouse my countrymen, immersed in Tamas (darkness/ignorance), to stand on their own feet.” He strived for the uplift of women and downtrodden. He preferred vegetarianism to avoid Rajasic (passionate) qualities due to meat consumption. He urged people to work hard to create their destiny. Vivekananda literature is vast.
He breathed his last at 39 years, during his meditation in the night of 4th July 1902. (He had predicted that he would not turn forty. [A view is that it was a self-willed ‘Mahasamadhi’, the date of which was foretold.])
(It is brought to light that he had many chronicle ailments like asthma, diabetes, Heart-liver-Kidney problems, besides several other complications. It seems he neglected his body.)
(During their last meeting on July 2, 1902, he told Sister Nivedita [his close disciple, born Margaret Elizabeth Noble in North Ireland, who, as advised by SV, was working for uplifting the Indian women,] that he was preparing for death. He insisted her to have meals with him, after which he poured water over her hands. He justified this act saying Jesus had washed the feet of his disciples. He also wrote to a follower: “…I shall inspire men everywhere until the whole world shall know that it is one with God.”)
Ramana Maharshi (1879-1950) observed: “Vivekananda was ripe. He was anxious to realize. He must have completed the preliminary in his past births.”
He founded Ramakrishna Mission in 1897. (Earlier, Ramakrishna Math for the monks was established.) ([The identical] emblem of these Missions was designed by him.) He also designed the prayer hall of Ramakrishna temple at Belur Math, Calcutta (Kolkata), by drawing inspiration from the pillars/sculptures and the prayer/assembly halls in “Kanheri Caves” in Bombay [Mumbai]. (It is said that when he visited the caves during his wanderings before his American voyage, he had a memory of a past life he lived here, and he had even hoped to acquire this land for his future work. [He had deep interest in Rock-cut architecture.])
According to Sister Nivedita, as a great devotee of Lord Buddha, his first act after taking Sanyas was to “hurry to Bodh Gaya and sit under the great tree.”
(A narration says while in Kashmir in 1898, he became serious with vomiting blood as he earned the wrath of a Fakir who used his occult powers for accepting his follower as a disciple (on the request of that student, who was forced to return). Mother Sarada Devi consoled him by objecting to occult practices and disapproving such gurus who were not spiritual enough. She said that a genuine master would not bother about such issues. He was, however, advised to ensuring prior permission before accepting another’s disciple.)
(“Naren” became a saint after weathering storms. [His mother was supportive.] His father’s sudden demise [he was an attorney at the Calcutta High Court] plunged the family into financial crisis and hunger. [Earlier, he had lost two siblings, including the suicide of one of his elder sisters – later, he rejected the marriage proposals.] Although an Arts Graduate, he could not secure a job. Shortly, the family’s ancestral home was lost in a family dispute [which he recovered about a week before his death by amicable settlement, ending years of legal battle]. [Now it is Ramakrishna Mission Swami Vivekananda’s Ancestral House & Cultural Centre, Kolkata.] His life reminds one of William Shakespeare’s words: “There is a divinity that shapes our ends; Rough-hew them how we will.”)
(He left Bombay [Mumbai] for Chicago by ship on May 31, 1893. [During the voyage he met Jamsetji [Jamshedji] Nusserwanji Tata, the founder of the Tata Group. It appears that the Swami urged this ‘Father of Indian Industry’ to start manufacturing activities and create jobs for Indians, help to educate the masses and promote science and technology. Different projects of the Group reflect the impact of his advice.]
(The Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore [Bengaluru], started by Tatas in 1909 with the donation of 371 acres of land and financial assistance from the rulers of Mysore, made his vision come true.])
(SV received money for his trip from the kings of Khetri and Ramnad [Tamil Nadu], his Madras [Chennai] disciples, etc. Also, the Khetri king started regularly financing his mother. [It seems he did not entertain the topic of the financial offer made by the Maharaja of Mysore. However, he accepted the railway ticket for his travel to Kerala. The phonographic record of his conversation with the king is said to be preserved in Mysore Palace.]
In Kerala he met, among others, the [scholar/reformer] saint Chattambi Swamikal and the King of Travancore and proceeded to Kanyakumari. (This ‘outsider’ Swami himself was prevented from temple-visit!) He strongly deplored the prevailing caste system and certain social practices. This situation is a thing of the past in today’s Kerala. [He drew inspiration from Sree Narayana Guru, a popular saint fighting against the caste system.]
Afterwards he went to various places, visited the 1000-pillar Meenakshi temple in Madurai, Raja of Ramnad and his disciples in Madras [Chennai].)
(During a get together in America SV was given coffee. As he lifted the cup to his mouth, he vividly saw his Master, Sri Rama Krishna, who said: “Naren, stop! There is poison inside your cup.” [Some religious fanatics were behind it, who had bribed the cook.])
(As a teenager Dickinson met SV in Chicago. He was told to wait for his Guru. Years later he became a disciple of Swami Paramahansa Yogananda (born in 1893). Later, his Guru gifted him with, as SV had predicted, a silver cup!)
(Scientists respected his Vedantic theories. For instance, Albert Einstein proved the ‘oneness of matter and energy’ as SV had said. The globally renowned writers/poets who were influenced by the guru-disciple duo [Ramakrishna-Vivekananda] include Leo Tolstoy, Lord Tennison and T.S. Eliot. The credit f0r starting reformation of Indian society goes to these spiritual masters.)
(Both Adi Shankara and SV were connected to their mothers. Even as the former reached beside his ailing mother’s deathbed, the latter was occasionally meeting his mother till his death.)
Swami Vivekananda said about ‘Personality Development’: “If you really want to judge the character of a man, look not at his great performances. Any fool may become a hero at one time or another. Watch a man do his most common actions; those are indeed the things that will tell you the real character of a great man. Great occasions rouse even the lowest of human beings to some kind of greatness, but he alone is the really great man, whose character is great always, the same wherever he is.”
Others who were globally active included Swami Paramahansa Yogananda (the proponent of ‘KRIYA YOGA’ – honoured as second Vivekananda), Maharshi Mahesh Yogi (Founder, Transcendental Meditation Movement) and Swami Chinmayananda Saraswati (Founder, Chinmaya Mission and Founding President, Vishwa Hindu Parishad.)
(A few Spiritual Masters of 19-20-21st centuries, some with supernatural powers, have drawn millions across the globe to India’s spiritual wisdom.)
HISTORICAL REVIEW (in a nutshell)
“Indian culture and spirituality” is a vast subject, the aforesaid being only the tip of the iceberg. The followers of the all-inclusive Hinduism had undergone centuries of bitter experiences under the invaders. The erstwhile Hindu kings, with their secular vision, accommodated different religions like Christianity, Islam, Zoroastrianism and Judaism. Centuries ago, the Maharaja of Cochin (Kerala) gave asylum to Jews, notwithstanding some raised eyebrows. He is said to have concluded that they, too, worshipped his Divine Mother only, though in a different style!
Besides Hinduism, the India-born religions are Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism. The Census Data of 2011 says the religious minorities together form a little over 20% of the Indian population.
A water tank in Hampi, the capital of Vijayanagara Empire
Vijayanagara Empire was the last Hindu dynasty, based in south India. (Its capital ‘Vijayanagara’ (“City of Victory”) was in Hampi, Karnataka, near the Ramayana sites of Pampa Lake and Kishkindha. (Considered to be the world’s second-largest medieval-era city [after Beijing in China] and the richest Indian city, it was trading with Persia and Portugal and attracting people from different countries.) (The ruined Hampi-Vijayanagara is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.) A seat of prosperity and human excellence, this empire reached its peak during the 16th-century, when it was attacked and totally ruined by a certain ‘Sultanate’, after beheading the king.
Historically, for very long periods India was a paradise for invaders. Since the early invasions (for instance, by “Alexander the Great” from Greece in the 4th century B.C.), several foreign powers invaded India during the later Christian era. They dominated various regions, except the British, who ruled the entire country. (The total period works out to several centuries, say, 1000 years.) Many have left their mark.
The three largest empires that ruled India were (in descending order of their territory size): The Mauryan, the British and the Mughal.
(The fourth one, Gupta Dynasty, existed during 4th-6th centuries. This golden era witnessed cultural and scientific progress under notable rulers like Chandragupta II (Vikrmaditya). [Several prominent scholars, viz., Kalidasa, Aryabhata, Varahamihira, etc., lived during this peri0d])
The Mauryas ruled during 322-185 B.C. (Chanakya [Kautilya/Vishnugupta] was the first prime minister.) Rulers like Emperor Ashoka stretched over to maximum regions in India, and outside the country as well.
Mughal dynasty (1526-1761): The Empire consisted of many regions of India and Afghanistan. They introduced Artillery and promoted Irrigation system. Apart from Mughal art, music and literature, their architecture is noteworthy. Initially, religious integrity was aimed at. However, later, Hindus were converted, and many temples were demolished. Some temples were replaced by their monuments. (Much later, a Mughal king reintroduced an earlier tax imposed on Hindus [non-Muslims] as protection fee for exempting them from military services, permitting to practice one’s faith, etc. [However, this tax exempted women/children/handicapped/priests, etc.])
(Several million Hindus were massacred throughout the centuries of invaders, described as “unparalleled in history”. Also, other shocking instances are cited.) [Needles to say, the Hindu population also declined due to missionary conversion and other reasons.])
The Indian Rebellion or Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 was the first outbreak of an independence movement, when several lakhs died. This ended the rule of East India Company.
Finally, it was the British Raj (1858-1947). (Altogether, India was governed by Britain for nearly two centuries.) Their rule witnessed a stagnant economy, discouraging local commercial activities (like, silencing the handloom weavers whose products had a global market), and so on. Such steps prospered their economy. (It has been observed that the British took away several trillions including some precious items and cash during their rule.) They also tried to systematically westernise India’s socio-cultural base by replacing her ancient education system. However, they were unable to fulfil their desire. (Their “divide and rule” policy helped develop communal issues. British rule did witness turmoil and killings, besides India’s partition on religious grounds.)
(Just to mention, towards the end people united against them under the leadership of Gandhiji. Albert Einstein said of this political saint: “Generations to come will scarce believe that such a one as this ever in flesh and blood walked upon this earth.” (However, some of his acts are criticised/questioned.) The book “FREEDOM AT MIDNIGHT” co-authored by Larry Collins AND Dominique Lapierre gives details of freedom struggle and attaining India’s freedom on August 15, 1947, the bloodshed that followed partition, the assassination of Gandhiji, etc. [Further, an exhausted Britain after World War II was also pressurised by the revolutionary movements of Indian National Army [INA] in different countries. It was revived under the leadership of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, after his escape from India.])
However, they initiated modernisation processes like surveying the country and creating maps (a commendable job indeed, especially in those days of poor technology), the formation of railways (now the world’s fourth largest network – allegedly created for promoting their industrial products), establishing the Indian Army, eradicating certain social evils, India’s political unification, etc.
To conclude, despite undergoing various hardships, the Indian culture has stood the test of time, whereas other ancient civilizations have disappeared. The Hindus have witnessed many social reforms at different times. Even in this technological era when consumerism is colouring, if not blinding, they are rooted in the Vedic vision of “Ishavasyam Idam Sarvam” (Divinity pervades the whole universe).
GAYATRI Mantra and OM (in brief):
‘Gayatri Mantra’, “the jewel of all Mantras”, is a prayer to illumine our intellect. Chanting this Vedic metre purifies one’s emotions, mind and body. (Certain countries are said to be broadcasting this every morning.) Scientific findings have confirmed its producing large quantities of sound waves of a particular frequency. This is claimed to be the world’s powerful hymn with higher spiritual potentialities.
The ‘Gayatri’ effect
Goddess Gayatri is the mother of the Vedas. The word ‘Savitur’ in the Mantra refers to the Sun deity. (Solar energy activates the earth). In fact, this is invoking the universal energy, or the formless God. (‘Gayatri’ is chanted at sunrise-noon-sunset.)
‘OM’ represents “Sabda Brahma” or the Cosmic Sound, which connotes three syllables – ‘A’, ‘U’ and ‘M’. All words contain these syllables either fully or partly. OM is the first word, ‘Amen’. (The Bible says, “In the beginning was the Word…”) (Upanishads like Mandukya and Nadabindu give details.) ‘OM’ is the vibration of the universe. While chanting “Aaaaa”, followed by “Ooooh” and ending with “Mmmmm”, ‘OM’ does not involve the usage of saliva.
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Ancient Indian Wisdom 
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(Reply: All points are taken from the right sources.)
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(Replied: Thnx fryr observation. The Blogs were created to serve those interested in such topics, and not with commercial motives. Rgds,)
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Replied:
Let me pass on the response received from the WordPress team: “There is no issue with your site in Internet Explorer.”
Thnx.
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(Reply: Thnx for yr msg.)
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(Reply: This is no video given topic – own presentation.)
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(Reply: Shall try. Thnx for the msg.)
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(Spanish – Google translation):
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